Homosexuality in the Military during World War II

Military has a long news report with the allegations of homo versedity. They both have always made strange bed workfellows. The leadership of armed forces all everyplace the gentlemans gentleman, usually traditionalists, has in general suss outn homo informals as morally wrong, and a threat to solidity. At the start of a war the enormous task of mobilizing thousands of soldiers surpassed concerns about the sexual behavior of troops.But in the case of prolonged war those armed services manpower who are found in disgraceful conducts such as queerness ferment a problems for the senior military leadership and they become increasingly determined to rid the services of these types of military men. Paul Jacksons agree sensation of the Boys Homosexuality in the Military during human being state of war II has discussed this problem in very excellent literary style. In 1990, Allan Berube in his study approach shot out under Fire The History of Gay Men and Women in instauration state of war Two discussed experiences of gays and lesbians in the military of the United States during the human being War II.(Berube 1990, 1-22) The reading of Berubes book had a great excitement and compelled me to read Paul Jacksons book on the foundation War II experiences of surprising Canadian servicemen (and women). Jacksons book One of the Boys is a deeply researched study of homoeroticism in the Canadian military during the years of the valet de chambre War II. The book contains the result of hours of pouring over court- hawkish transcripts, law of nature reports, psychiatric assessments, and dozens of interviews.One of the Boys is one of the deeply research researched peaces of writings on the issue as the writings about any feature of gay and lesbian history from the pre-Stonewall period (or to use the Canadian equivalent, before Trudeaus Omnibus bill) requires widespread investigative literary work. No doubt it was not an easy task to discuss the coded disguisi ng of homosexuality and Jackson has done a wonderful job while deciphering the coded phrases that were use to disguise homosexuality.In the hypermasculine, heteronormative world of the Armed Forces, Jackson has exposed a rich tapestry of homosexual experiences, and thus has made a considerable contribution both to queer history and to the societal history of the World War II. In One of the Boys, Jackson seems very careful in choosing words. He avoided using the term gay, which was seldom used in its modern sense during the World War II. He used those terms that were familiar at the time of World War II such as homosexual, queer, fairy or fruit.It seems that Jackson intentionally addressed the subject of homosexuality that he broadly defined to be the ability to derive sexual pleasure from members of ones own sex (Jackson 148). By this way in fact Jackson refused to narrowly limit homosexuality to those who self-identified as such, or to exclude those who engage in homosexual sex f or bodily pleasure, rather than emotional love. Jackson has not included in the book the controversial debates over whether homosexuality is congenital or learned behavior.For the reasons of this work, he casts a wide net to cover the very diverse personifications of homosexuality in the Canadian military during Second World War. To be sure, as Jackson points out, military psychiatrists often decided that a person was not a homosexual, despite overwhelming proof that the person had engage in same-sex sexual activities, and often regardless of the claims of the man himself that he was homosexual (Jackson 145).While the analysis in One of the Boys of the queer experience of World War II is inspiring, on that point are a few areas in which Jacksons work might have been stronger. Unlike Allan Berubes work, Jackson has a very baseborn portion in his book about female homosexuality. However, he seems justified in this omission partly on methodological grounds, since the Canadian milit ary did not target women for courts martial or psychiatric evaluation on this basis. Given that these are Jacksons main primary sources, one can see how this could pose a major challenge.In terms of oral history, he asserts that lesbians could not be found to be interviewed because the Canadian Legion Magazine would not permit the word sexuality in his advertisements, and that as a gay man he found it difficult to find lesbians to interview (Jackson 22). However, it can be state that this is a rather unsatisfying basis for not including lesbians in the book. Certainly, it might have been better to simply argue that the experience of homosexual women in the World War II is likely to have been qualitatively different from that of men, and consequently out of the range of the book.Jackson included the occasional reference to the experiences of lesbians in the Wrens. It can be little disappointment for those hoping Jacksons book will provide the comprehensive examination of lesbianism in World War II called for in pity Roach Piersons Theyre Still Women subsequently All. (Pierson 1986, 219) Although the works of Berube and Jackson are good analyses of the subject, but they differ on many occasion.As the Canadian experience of the World War II was clearly different from that of the United States, and Jackson clearly indicates wherefore and how his methodology is different from that of Berube, it is likely that many readers of Jacksons book will be well known with that of Berube. In some respects, the differences and similarities between the two countries are well addressed. For instance, the Canadian regimental system, organized by region, is different against the US blood brother system that in views of Berube provided cover for homosexual relationships, and certainly fostered them.On the other hand, Jackson also is of the view that contrary to the American experience found by Berube and posterior dEmilio, discharges for homosexuality did not lead to postwar gay activism among Canadian old boys. (dEmilio 1983, 1-7) However, it would have been useful to test some of the other conclusions of the American experience. For example, to what fare did Canadian veterans who had homosexual experiences during the World War II stay in urban centers where queer networks survived after demobilization?How did the fight between psychiatrists and military police for authority over the issue of homosexuality play out and what were the larger tints of this for the psychiatric profession? Berube seems arguing in his book that US psychiatrists went far towards background signal up their professional credentials during the World War II it would be attractive to know if the same held true for their Canadian counterparts and the degree to which identifying homosexuality was all important(predicate) for this.Jacksons book reads almost as if it is two books merged together one a policy analysis, the other a social history. The send-off terce chapters of On e of the Boys deal with how the different sections of the Canadian military tried to regulate homosexuality. Chapter I looks at the quite confused efforts of the military to describe its policy on homosexuality. Chapter II looks at the court martial proceedings of those accused with homosexuality-related legal offences, while Chapter III discusses how military psychiatrists attempted to declare their authority over homosexuality as a medical issue.The latter two chapters are oriented around a systematic reading of their respective primary sources court martial transcripts and psychiatric evaluations. Jackson methodically attracts the attentions of his readers and takes them through the various phases of the court martial and psychiatric assessment processes, providing detailed and personalized accounts of how these two sections of the military dealt with the issue of homosexuality, the first as a moral and legal issue, and the second is trying to make it a medical issue.Jacksons arg uments in his book make it clear that there was a serious unwillingness on the part of authorities to discharge homosexuals from military service. Courts martial were used primarily to discourage homosexual activity, but rarely led to the discharge of noncommissioned servicemen. More commonly, the soldiers would be sentenced to serve time in a custody, after which they would be allowed to return to service. Officers were more likely to be discharged if guilty was established, but were conversely much less likely to be convicted.Jacksons book suggests that the reason here matches the reason as to why psychiatrists were so unwilling, more so than the courts martial, to state that a man was homosexual. The medical model of homosexuality constructed a homosexual as an antisocial individual, a vantage point reflected in the moral standards of the court martial officers. Yet it was hard to settle this conception with the productive, healthy men who stood under examination so, many were r eleased, especially when they had fellow officers and servicemen keen to vow for their good character innocence.The first chapter of One of the Boys discusses in details this contrast between official military policy denouncing homosexuality on the one hand and the routine leniency towards homosexual behavior on the other. This attitude of military examines the various facets of the militarys policy on homosexuality as crafted by the medical services, the National Film Board, the military police, and the RCAF. Generally the first chapter presents a rather random and inconsistent approach to homosexual behavior in the Canadian military ruthless investigations on the one hand, routine denials on the other.The chapter highlights amusingly in Jacksons satirical Routine Order on homosexuality, in which he describes the de facto military policy on homosexuality, in the absence of an official one. Boiled down to essentials, the de facto policy was to ignore or reject homosexual behavior un less the performer was differently a misfit or a behavioral problem. Any punishment should be light for men in combat units, and heavy for noncombatants, unless they were well liked.Again and again, Jackson discovers that the Canadian military attempted to ignore homosexuality unless individuals were otherwise problematic or were flaunting their sexuality. This silent policy followed from 1940s beginnings of sexuality all military men were mantic to be male, masculine, and heterosexual, and in the absence of overwhelming proof to the contrary, would be treated as such. In the second half of One of the Boys, Jackson focuses on the social history of homosexuality in the military during the World War II.Chapters IV and V look at the experiences of queer servicemen in Canada and overseas, and chapter VI looks at the impact of homosexuality on esprit de corps, unity, and confidence. The chapters of the second half of the book rely a lot on oral histories and war diaries in addition to the sources used for the antecedent chapters, and paint bright pictures of the wartime experience for queer servicemen. Certainly, these sections bring to mind Desmond Mortons excellent work on the experience of Canadian soldiers in the World War I.(Morton 1993, 7-15) In conclusion it can be said that an inspiring amount of research has gone into Jacksons book, and it would be a remiss if one ignored to mention the visual component of One of the Boys. The book presents an impressive array of war art, including many works by gay war artists that demonstrate aspects of homosexuality and the homosocial bonds that formed during the war. Many of these pieces illustrate homoeroticism and same-sex emotional bonds in the armed forces more clearly than a chapter of text can.Combined with images from drag shows, stills from NFB films, and photos of young military men together, these pictures add a rich visual element to the text. Jackson should be praised also for his use of frank, open lang uage in unfolding cases of homosexuality during the World War II. Not only does this reflect the actual language used in the records he found, but it is appropriate to the sexually charged material he is dealing with. The book tells the story with frankness and humor. Works Cited Berube, Allan. , Coming out under Fire The History of Gay Men and Women in World War Two (New York MacMillan, 1990).dEmilio, John. , Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities The Making of a Homosexual Minority in the United States, 1940-1970 (Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1983). Jackson, Paul. , One of the Boys Homosexuality in the Military during World War II McGill-Queens Univ. Press 2004. Morton, Desmond. , When Your Numbers Up The Canadian Soldier in the First World War (Toronto Random House, 1993). Pierson, Ruth Roach. , Theyre Still Women After All The Second World War and Canadian Womanhood (Toronto McClelland and Stewart, 1986), p. 219.